Preventing musculoskeletal disorders

In this resource

• Definition and impact of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)
• Common workplace risk factors
• How to assess MSD risks
• Actionable steps to create safer workplaces
• Addressing MSD risks
• Key takeaways
• Checklist

What are musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)?

MSDs are injuries and conditions that affect the muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments, nerves and bones. They can develop suddenly – such as back strain from lifting – or gradually over time, such as repetitive strain injuries from typing.

MSDs range from minor aches that resolve quickly to serious, long-term conditions that affect your ability to work and your overall quality of life.

Common conditions

• back and neck pain – the most common workplace MSDs
• shoulder problems – often from repetitive overhead work
• repetitive strain injuries – affecting wrists, arms and hands
• knee and leg problems – from prolonged standing or kneeling
• osteoarthritis – gradual wear and tear of joints

What causes MSDs at work?

Workplace MSDs typically result from physical and organisational factors. Understanding these causes helps prevent them.

Physical factors

• heavy or awkward lifting – lifting loads that are too heavy or bulky, or lifting repeatedly, especially when bending or twisting
• forcing and gripping – tasks requiring strong pushing, pulling or gripping
• awkward body positions – bending, overhead reaching or twisting the back or neck
• repetitive movements – performing the same action repeatedly without breaks
• vibration – using tools or machinery that cause hand–arm or whole-body vibration
• poor work setups – cramped, poorly designed or uneven work areas that force awkward postures

Hidden risk factors

Some risks are less obvious and relate to how work is organised or managed.

• rushing or working under pressure – increasing the chance of poor technique
• lack of training – leading to unsafe habits or risk-taking
• insufficient recovery time – missed breaks or inadequate rest
• poor equipment design – tools, furniture or equipment that don’t fit the user or task

How to assess MSD risks: The 'TILE' approach

Use the TILE framework to assess manual handling risks in a structured way.

Letter	Workplace Factor Covered	Characteristics
T – Task	How the work is done	heavy or awkward lifting; repetitive movements; awkward positions; high force requirements
I – Individual	Who is doing the work	fitness and strength; experience and training; pre-existing injuries; age
L – Load	The item being handled	weight; shape; instability; frequency of handling
E – Environment	The work area	lack of space; slippery floors; trip hazards; poor lighting; temperature extremes

Other factors to include in a risk assessment may involve team lifting, mechanical aids, time pressures and PPE requirements.

How to prevent MSDs in the workplace

Eliminate hazards where possible

• automate repetitive tasks
• redesign work to reduce heavy or awkward lifting
• move work to better positions, such as placing items at waist height

Reduce risks through design

• use lighter materials – smaller bags or containers
• provide better tools – ergonomic handles, powered equipment or assistive devices
• adjust workstations – make desks or benches height-adjustable
• use mechanical aids – trolleys, hoists or conveyor belts

Organise work smarter

• rotate jobs to use different muscle groups
• take planned breaks to recover
• lift as a team when needed
• work at a steady, safe pace

Train and inform employees

• learn safe lifting techniques – bend knees, keep loads close
• use equipment correctly – including hoists and trolleys
• be aware of hazards and how to avoid them
• report issues early – don’t wait for pain to worsen

Addressing MSD risks – catching problems quickly

Responding early to signs of MSDs reduces the likelihood of long-term injury.

Spotting warning signs

Signs may include aches, stiffness or pain; slowing work pace; leaning or shifting posture; or repeated requests for adjustments or breaks.

Encouraging reporting

A positive reporting culture ensures workers feel comfortable raising concerns. Clear reporting processes and timely action help prevent injuries.

Seeking professional support

Professional advice is useful when several workers have similar symptoms, injuries occur despite existing controls, or major workplace changes are planned.

Useful professionals include:

• occupational safety and health professionals
• occupational health advisers
• ergonomists
• physiotherapists with workplace expertise

Key takeaways

• MSDs can develop suddenly or gradually and affect muscles, joints, tendons and bones.
• Workplace risk factors include heavy lifting, repetitive tasks, poor posture, vibration and inadequate breaks.
• Prevention includes eliminating hazards, applying ergonomic design, rotating tasks and providing proper training.
• Early reporting and a supportive culture are essential to reducing long-term injuries.
• Employers and employees both play a role in maintaining a healthy work environment.

Checklist

• Ensure workstations are ergonomically designed and adjustable.
• Use mechanical aids for heavy lifting and encourage team handling.
• Provide training on safe lifting techniques and equipment use.
• Schedule regular breaks and rotate tasks.
• Encourage early reporting of discomfort and respond promptly.
• Monitor workloads to avoid rushing and fatigue.
• Carry out regular risk assessments and update controls.

Summary

Preventing MSDs requires a proactive approach that combines good workplace design, effective training and a strong culture of safety. By encouraging open communication and early reporting, organisations can reduce injuries, protect their workforce and support long-term health.

Recommended IOSH training:

• Working Safely – basic awareness for all workers
• Managing Safely – includes ergonomics principles
• IOSH Managing Safely Refresher – maintain current knowledge

Useful resources:

• HSE guidance on manual handling
• Display Screen Equipment regulations
• Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors guidance

Related topics in our resource hub

• Risk assessment fundamentals
• Workplace design principles
• Occupational health basics
• Incident investigation techniques

This guide provides general principles for preventing MSDs. Always consider specific workplace factors and current regulations when implementing changes. Encourage workers to seek medical advice for persistent pain or discomfort.